Evaluation of true level of development as such some economic indicators are not achieved. Fairly widespread belief that economic growth - fetishized ideal of the Western world - is not synonymous with progress. In particular, it is the most developed countries are making the largest contribution to the destruction of the planet. So, if you take gas emissions, creating the "greenhouse effect" will scent the world population per unit, in 1989, the figure for the U.S. was equal to 8.8, for Canada - 7.8, for Germany - 5.3.
Well-known American economist D.Gelbreyt wrote, "the penultimate Western man, lost in the transport mess and dying from carbon monoxide is unlikely to please post the last surviving person that the final social product has reached record levels."
Indeed, examination of power and even the attraction of any country is still usually made in terms of total gross domestic product (GDP) and by its volume per capita. GDP - is the total production of all kinds of goods and services. But at what cost? The price of all large masses of solid, liquid and gaseous waste, the cost of pollution of our living environment. Therefore, the question arose about other terms. And they were offered - Human Development Index, the index of sustainable economic welfare.
Human Development Index (0 to 1) - Aggregate index, calculated on the basis of the characteristics of longevity, knowledge (literacy rate of the population) and the level of mastery of the resources needed for a decent life. This indicator gives very different results than the calculation of GDP will scent the population. United States, for example, have the highest rate in the world per capita GDP, the Human Development Index ranks only 19th place, behind countries such as Austria, Canada, and Spain.
The index of sustainable economic welfare is the most complex, and it takes into account the unequal distribution of wealth and, most importantly, the amendments to the costs of environmental issues associated with the unsound management. With respect to the United States is significant divergence of the two curves: the sustained increase in GDP per capita at a rather small increase in the index of sustainable economic welfare, and then (in the 80's.) And his fall.
Of even greater interest represents the calculated current Human Development Index (HDI), which bears a more general in nature and describing it is the level of development. The world average HDI value (in 1994) - 0,764. Industrialized countries have 0,911, all developing - 0,576. Finally, the least developed countries - 0,366. Anyway Industrialized countries still ahead. Classification rated the country and highlights the HDI countries with high human development - 64, with an average level - 56 and low - 45.
The level of development as such (a combination of potential human development index with the index level of economic development) countries can be arranged in the following order:
Class I (highest): Canada, France, Norway, USA, Iceland, the Netherlands, Japan, Finland, New Zealand, Sweden (10 countries).
Class II (advanced): Spain, Austria, Belgium, Australia, UK, Switzerland, Ireland, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Italy, Israel, Luxembourg, Portugal, Malta, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, Belarus (20 countries) . Here the country, located not only as if in the midst of advanced capitalism (Belgium, Germany), but also on its periphery (Greece, Ireland, Portugal). Characteristically Israeli presence on the one hand, and Belarus - other.
Class III (above average): the combination of a high level of industrial development, but medium HDI countries with a high HDI, but with the average level of industrial development: Russia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenia, Chile, Costa Rica, Argentina, Uruguay, Panama, Venezuela, Mexico, Colombia, Belize, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Libya, Cyprus, Singapore, SOUTH. Korea, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates. Among them we can not attribute the smaller island states across the seas, oceans, not playing because of its size a significant role, though quite developed, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, Bahamas, Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Fiji, St. Vincent and the others. This is a Class IV (optional).
Class V (average) all of the countries in which the median level of economic development combined with medium HDI countries: Lebanon, Suriname, Iran, Ecuador, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, North Korea, Syria, Croatia, Macedonia, Tunisia, Algeria, Jamaica, Jordan, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Oman, Peru, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Paraguay, Botswana, Philippines, Indonesia, Mongolia, Guyana, China, Egypt, El Salvador, Bolivia, Swaziland, Guatemala, Namibia, Morocco, Gabon, Vietnam, Nicaragua, Papua New Guinea, Zimbabwe, Congo.
Class VI (below average) - the low HDI, but with a median level of economic development: Ghana, Cameroon, Kenya, India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Cote d'Ivoire, Senegal (total 8). (Out of the 8 countries 3 demographic giants - India, Pakistan, Nigeria). Class VII (lower) - with a low HDI and low level of economic development: Burma, Equatorial Guinea, Laos, Lesotho, Comoros, Congo, Zambia, Bangladesh, Benin, Togo, Yemen, Tanzania, Mauritania, Central African Republic, Madagascar, Cambodia, Nepal , Bhutan, Haiti, Angola, Sudan, Uganda, Malawi, Djibouti, Guinea-Bissau, Chad, Gambia, Mozambique, Guinea, Eritrea, Burundi, Ethiopia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Rwanda, Sierra Leone.
The situation in the world of CIS
In the production of the gross national product per capita, according to the World Bank, in the mid 90s. XX century, first in Europe occupied Denmark (more than 28 thousand dollars a year), Germany (25.5 million), Sweden (23.6 million). An order of magnitude lower revenues in Estonia (2.8 million), Russia (2.6 million), Poland (2.5 million), Latvia (2.3 million) and Lithuania (1.4 million). Followed by Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and other CIS countries.
The share of CIS countries in global industrial production declined during the reform years from 20 to 10%. However, CIS has great natural and human resources. Thus, the level of education and skills of the CIS maintains a leading position relative to the neighboring countries. However, the developed countries, particularly the U.S., are far superior to the CIS by number of universities (in the U.S. there are about 2 thousand), two-year specialized colleges, according to the material and technical base, allowing you to quickly use the latest achievements of science and technology, as well as the intensity of student labor . At the same time, the schools and universities of Russia and some other CIS countries (this is confirmed by their graduates move abroad) above the level of basic education, the complexity of knowledge, the overall humanitarian training, teamwork skills.
The population of the CIS also features a relatively high level of culture. CISSTAT international comparisons of the number of visits of museums per 1000 inhabitants. Despite the fact that during the years of reforms in the CIS museum attendance has decreased an average of one and a half times, but in the mid 90s. This figure was in Russia (509) is higher than in Greece and Brazil, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Moldova and Belarus (205-275) than in Italy and Spain (105-151), and in the countries of Central Asia ( 43-148) - much higher than in Iran and Indonesia (20-30).
Scientific and technical potential of the republics of the former USSR was created, in essence, in the postwar years. In the 1940-1990 years. the number of researchers per 1000 inhabitants rose in Kazakhstan and Ukraine - in 8.5, in Russia - in 12, and in Belarus - to 21.5-fold. And although in 1990 the technical level in a number of sectors of the economy of the USSR was lower than in the United States and Western Europe, though the industry as a whole MIC meet international standards. And the space industry ahead of the level of the U.S. and Western Europe for decades.
On Russia (before the collapse of the Soviet Union) accounted for 60% of net products manufactured in the USSR. Economic power (total production of goods and services) of the USSR behind only the United States and ahead of Japan (113%) and the rest of the country. For the Russian Federation, by the time the declaration of their "sovereignty" is the volume of production of goods and services yielded approximately three times the United States and Japan in half. But even in other developed countries when compared with the U.S. and Japan, the situation was far from the best. Unfortunately, the current crisis that some experts are identified with a "counter-revolution", and others - with a "return to civilization", Russia dropped to the starting point of the pre-revolutionary - to 1913
2. The dynamics of the population and main features of placing it on the planet
The dynamics of the world's population
According to the calculations carried out in due time, the UN, it was assumed that the annual growth of the world population in the 1990-1995 years. is equal to 1.57%. In fact, it was 1.48%, so the year was adding to 81 million people. As you know, during the period from 1985 to 1990. - Earth's population increased annually by 87 million This slowdown (meaning 1990-1995). Besides the economic crisis, particularly in the CIS, is also due to the increased use of contraceptives in developing countries. The reason for lowering the population growth were, of course, and many of the war that took place in those years - in Rwanda, Liberia, Burundi, Iraq. The spread of AIDS is also drastically increased mortality.
Since the beginning of XX century, the world population has more than tripled. This process is observed today and is projected to approximately XXII century. It is assumed that in 2020 the world population will exceed 8 billion people in the middle of the XXII century. - 10500000000, and then stabilize at 10-12 billion.
The time from the middle of XIX century to the middle of the XX, when the population of a little over 100 years has increased by 2 billion people (compared to the first billion took all of human history), there is a time of "population explosion". Last time, characterized by the "doubling of the population."